過濾器通常有進(jìn)水裝置、配水系統(tǒng)等主要裝備，有時(shí)還有用來進(jìn)壓縮空氣的裝置。在過濾器外設(shè)有各種必要的管道和閥門等。機(jī)械過濾器有罐體常用玻璃鋼、不銹鋼及碳鋼加襯防腐層制成，常用的過濾器濾料有：石英砂、大理石、無煙煤、錳砂及白云石等，其顆料直徑大約在0.5-1.5之間。過濾器內(nèi)即可裝填一種填料，又可裝填兩種或三種填料。

The filter usually has water inlet device, water distribution system and other main equipment, and sometimes has a device used to enter compressed air. All kinds of necessary pipes and valves are set outside the filter. The mechanical filter is made of glass fiber reinforced plastic, stainless steel and carbon steel lined with anti-corrosion coating. The commonly used filter materials are quartz sand, marble, anthracite, manganese sand and dolomite. The particle diameter is about 0.5-1.5. The filter can be filled with one kind of filler and two or three kinds of filler.

過濾器的運(yùn)行是成周期性的，每個(gè)周期可分為過濾、反洗和正洗三個(gè)步驟。

The operation of the filter is periodic, and each cycle can be divided into three steps: filtration, backwashing and forward washing.

反洗的目的是清除濾層中積累的污物，以恢復(fù)濾層的截污能力。它是過濾器運(yùn)行的一個(gè)重要步驟。為了使反洗的效果良好，在反洗時(shí)還通常通入壓縮空氣。

The purpose of backwashing is to remove the accumulated dirt in the filter layer, so as to restore the interception capacity of the filter layer. It is an important step in filter operation. In order to achieve good backwashing effect, compressed air is usually injected during backwashing.

普通過濾器的運(yùn)行流速約8～10m/h，當(dāng)它運(yùn)行到水流通過濾層的壓力降達(dá)到允許極限時(shí)，停止過濾運(yùn)行，開始反洗。此時(shí)將過濾器內(nèi)的水排放到濾層的上緣為止，然后送入強(qiáng)度為18-25L/（m2.S）的壓縮空氣，吹洗3～5min后，在繼續(xù)供給空氣的情況下，向過濾器內(nèi)送入反洗水，其強(qiáng)度應(yīng)使濾層膨脹率約達(dá)40%～50%。最后，用 水正先下至出水合格，方可開始正式過濾運(yùn)行。

The operating flow rate of ordinary filter is about 8 ~ 10m / h. When the pressure drop of water flowing through the filter layer reaches the allowable limit, the filtration operation will be stopped and the backwashing will start. At this time, the water in the filter is discharged to the upper edge of the filter layer, and then the compressed air with the strength of 18-25l / (m2. S) is sent to the filter. After 3-5min of purging, the backwash water is sent to the filter under the condition of continuous air supply. The strength should make the expansion rate of the filter layer reach 40% - 50%. Finally, the water is being used until the effluent is qualified before the formal filtration operation can be started.

這種過濾器，除了可以照水通過濾層的壓力降來確定是否需要清洗外，也可按照一定的運(yùn)行時(shí)間，來進(jìn)行清洗。其允許的運(yùn)行周期，應(yīng)通過調(diào)整試驗(yàn)求得。過濾器不應(yīng)經(jīng)常在將要有懸浮物穿過的時(shí)候方進(jìn)行清洗，應(yīng)稍提前進(jìn)行，否則濾層不易清洗干凈，長此下去會(huì)使濾料產(chǎn)生結(jié)塊。一般允許壓力降約為0.5bar。

This kind of filter can not only determine whether it needs to be cleaned according to the pressure drop of water through the filter layer, but also can be cleaned according to a certain operation time. The allowable operation period should be obtained through adjustment test. The filter should not be cleaned when there is going to be suspended solids passing through, but should be cleaned a little in advance, otherwise the filter layer is not easy to clean, and the filter material will agglomerate in the long run. Generally, the allowable pressure drop is about 0.5bar.